Batteries Rechargeable (Secondary)

Part Number	Description / PDF	Quantity
GRP653929-3.85V-665MAH Grepow Inc.	LIHITUM POLYMER BATTERY CELL 3.8	5
PRT-13851 SparkFun	BATTERY LITHIUM 3.7V 400MAH	0
ULN2AAASL Dantona Industries, Inc.	NICAD AAA 2 PACK 1.2V 350MAH	2365
PC4.5-6F1 ZEUS Battery Products	BATTERY LEAD ACID 6V 4.5AH	959
HR-3UTCEX(4B) FDK America	FUJITSU AA SIZE MIN. 1900MAH 4PC	3048
LP443441JU + PCM + WIRES 50MM Jauch Quartz	BATT LITH POLY 1S1P 650MAH 3.7V	200
BGN450-4EWP-PR326EC BatteryGuy	4.8V 450MAH NICAD BATTERY	1200
LP735977JH + PCM + WIRES 70MM Jauch Quartz	BATT LITH POLY 1S1P 5000MAH 3.7V	580
HR-5/4AAAU FDK America	BATTERY NIMH 1.2V 760MAH 5/4 AAA	0
LP402535JU + PCM + WIRES 50MM Jauch Quartz	BATT LITH POLY 1S1P 320MAH 3.7V	346
PCIFR18650-1500 ZEUS Battery Products	BATT LIFEPO4 3.2V 1.5AH	502
BP3-6-T1 B B Battery	BATTERY LEAD ACID 6V 3AH	514
BP12-6-T3 B B Battery	BATTERY LEAD ACID 6V 12AH	0
MS518SE-FL35E Seiko Instruments, Inc.	BATT LITH 3V 3.4MAH COIN 5.8MM	2268
0800-0004 EnerSys	BATTERY LEAD ACID 2V 5AH	439
PC1.2-12F1 ZEUS Battery Products	BA 12V 1.2AH SLA	191
LP603048JK + PCM + WIRES 70MM Jauch Quartz	BATT LITH POLY 1S1P 880MAH 3.7V	738
HR-4UTHCEX(4B) FDK America	FUJITSU AAA SIZE MIN. 900MAH 4PC	290
HR9-12-T2 B B Battery	BATTERY LEAD ACID 12V 8AH	121
2011 Adafruit	BATTERY LITHIUM 3.7V 2AH	1196

Batteries Rechargeable (Secondary)

1. Overview

Rechargeable batteries (secondary batteries) are electrochemical energy storage devices that can be repeatedly charged and discharged through reversible chemical reactions. Unlike primary batteries, they form the backbone of modern energy storage systems, enabling portable electronics, electric vehicles (EVs), and renewable energy integration. Their ability to reduce long-term costs and environmental impact makes them critical in sustainable technology development.

2. Main Types and Functional Classification

Type	Functional Characteristics	Application Examples
Lithium-ion (Li-ion)	High energy density (100-265 Wh/kg), low self-discharge, long cycle life (500-2000 cycles)	Smartphones, EVs, laptops
Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH)	Moderate energy density (60-120 Wh/kg), environmental friendliness, memory effect resistance	Hybrid vehicles, digital cameras
Lead-Acid	Low cost, high surge current capability, heavy weight	Automotive starters, backup power systems
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)	Exceptional thermal stability, long lifespan (2000+ cycles), lower energy density	Electric buses, solar storage, marine applications

3. Structure and Composition

Typical rechargeable battery cells consist of:

Cathode: Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) in Li-ion, Nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) in NiMH
Anode: Graphite (Li-ion), Hydrogen-absorbing alloy (NiMH)
Electrolyte: Lithium salt in organic solvent (Li-ion), Potassium hydroxide (NiMH)
Separator: Microporous polymer membrane preventing short circuits
Current Collectors: Copper (anode), Aluminum (cathode)

Cell designs include cylindrical (18650 format), prismatic, and pouch configurations with integrated protection circuits.

4. Key Technical Parameters

Parameter	Description	Importance
Energy Density	Wh/kg or Wh/L	Determines runtime and weight
Charge Cycle Life	Number of full discharge/charge cycles	Dictates longevity and cost-effectiveness
Internal Resistance	Measured in milliohms	Affects power output and efficiency
Self-Discharge Rate	Monthly capacity loss percentage	Storage performance indicator
Charging Efficiency	Percentage of energy retained during charging	Impacts operational costs

5. Application Fields

Consumer Electronics: Smartphones, tablets, wearables
Transportation: EVs (Tesla Model 3), Hybrid vehicles (Toyota Prius)
Renewable Energy: Solar+storage systems (Tesla Powerwall)
Industrial: Forklifts, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)
Military/Aerospace: UAVs, satellites

6. Leading Manufacturers and Products

Manufacturer	Representative Product	Chemistry Type
Panasonic	NCR18650B	Lithium-ion
BYD	Blade Battery	Lithium Iron Phosphate
Samsung SDI	INR18650-30Q	Nickel Cobalt Manganese (NCM)
Exide Technologies	Chloride SLA	Lead-Acid
LG Chem	LGDBHE21865	Lithium-ion Polymer

7. Selection Recommendations

Key considerations:

Energy Requirements: Calculate Wh needed for target runtime
Power Profile: Assess peak current demands (e.g., EV acceleration)
Environmental Conditions: Operating temperature range (-20 C to 60 C typical)
Cost Constraints: Balance upfront cost vs lifecycle value
Regulatory Compliance: UN38.3, IEC 62133 certifications

Example: Select LiFePO4 for solar storage systems requiring 5000+ cycles and wide temperature tolerance.

8. Industry Trends

Material Innovation: Silicon anodes (20%+ capacity increase), solid-state electrolytes
Fast Charging: 0-80% in 15 minutes (e.g., Tesla 4680 cells)
Recycling: EU Battery Passport regulations driving closed-loop systems
Market Growth: 12.6% CAGR projected through 2030 (Grand View Research)
AI Integration: Smart BMS (Battery Management Systems) optimizing charge cycles