Batteries are electrochemical devices that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. They consist of one or more cells with positive (cathode) and negative (anode) electrodes separated by an electrolyte. Modern batteries enable portable electronics, electric vehicles, renewable energy storage, and critical infrastructure systems, making them essential components in contemporary technology.
| Type | Functional Characteristics | Application Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Lithium-ion (Li-ion) | High energy density, low self-discharge, no memory effect | Smartphones, laptops, electric vehicles (EVs) |
| Lead-acid | Low cost, high surge current, heavy weight | Automotive starter batteries, backup power systems |
| Nickel-metal Hydride (NiMH) | Moderate energy density, environmental friendliness | Hybrid vehicles, portable electronics |
| Solid-state | High safety, extended cycle life, elevated cost | Next-gen EVs, aerospace applications |
Typical battery architecture includes: - Cathode: Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO ) in Li-ion batteries - Anode: Graphite or silicon-based materials - Electrolyte: Lithium salt in organic solvent (liquid) or solid polymer - Separator: Microporous membrane preventing short circuits - Enclosure: Aluminum or steel casing with safety valves
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Energy Density (Wh/kg) | Determines operational duration per unit weight |
| Power Density (W/kg) | Affects charge/discharge rates |
| Cycle Life | Number of charge-discharge cycles before capacity drops below 80% |
| Charge Efficiency (%) | Energy retention during charging process |
| Operating Temperature ( C) | Functional range impacting performance |
| Self-discharge Rate (%/month) | Capacity loss during storage |
| Manufacturer | Representative Product | Technical Highlights |
|---|---|---|
| Contemporary Amperex Technology (CATL) | LFP Battery Cells | 120Wh/kg, 6,000+ cycles |
| Panasonic | NCR18650B (Li-ion) | 3,400mAh capacity, 800 cycles |
| BYD | Blade Battery | 130Wh/kg, 500km EV range |
| LG Energy Solution | NCMA Battery | 900Wh/L energy density |
Key considerations include: - Application-specific requirements (e.g., EVs require >250Wh/kg) - Environmental conditions (temperature, vibration) - Cost/performance trade-offs (LFP vs. NMC chemistries) - Safety certifications (UL, IEC standards) - End-of-life management capabilities
Current developments focus on: - Silicon anode adoption for 40% capacity improvement - Solid-state electrolytes eliminating flammability risks - 4680 cylindrical cells enabling 16% range increase in EVs - Second-life applications for EV battery repurposing - AI-driven battery management systems optimizing cycle life