Transistors - Bipolar (BJT)

Transistors - Bipolar (BJT) - Single

Part Number	Description / PDF	Quantity
BUL39D STMicroelectronics	TRANS NPN 450V 4A TO-220	1528
BU941ZPFI STMicroelectronics	TRANS NPN DARL 350V 15A TO-3PF	618
TIP42A STMicroelectronics	TRANS PNP 60V 6A TO-220	1288
STX13003-AP STMicroelectronics	TRANS NPN 400V 1A TO-92AP	1917
STL128D STMicroelectronics	TRANS NPN 400V 4A TO-220	0
2STF1525 STMicroelectronics	TRANS NPN 25V 5A SOT-89	0
BDX33C STMicroelectronics	TRANS NPN DARL 100V 10A TO-220	1393
MJD31CT4-A STMicroelectronics	TRANS NPN 100V 3A DPAK	3770
BUL381D STMicroelectronics	TRANS NPN 400V 5A TO-220	1371
BULD742CT4 STMicroelectronics	TRANS NPN 400V 4A DPAK	87
BDX54C STMicroelectronics	TRANS PNP DARL 100V 8A TO-220	4279
D44H8 STMicroelectronics	TRANS NPN 60V 10A TO-220	2270
STBV32-AP STMicroelectronics	TRANS NPN 400V 1.5A TO-92	0
TIP147 STMicroelectronics	TRANS PNP DARL 100V 10A TO-247	1158
TIP107 STMicroelectronics	TRANS PNP DARL 100V 8A TO-220	2860
STX13005-APH STMicroelectronics	TRANS NPN 400V 3A TO-92	5780
BULB128-1 STMicroelectronics	TRANS NPN 400V 4A I2PAK	0
STX13003G-AP STMicroelectronics	TRANS NPN 400V 1A TO-92	0
BUL1102E STMicroelectronics	TRANS NPN 450V 4A TO-220	0
TIP115 STMicroelectronics	TRANS PNP DARL 60V 2A TO-220	2705

Transistors - Bipolar (BJT) - Single

1. Overview

Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) are three-terminal semiconductor devices that use both electron and hole charge carriers. They form the foundation of analog electronics through their ability to amplify signals and control current flow. BJTs remain critical in modern electronics for applications ranging from audio amplifiers to power management circuits, offering superior linearity and robustness in switching operations.

2. Main Types & Functional Classification

Type	Functional Characteristics	Application Examples
NPN Transistor	Majority carriers: electrons. Requires positive base current for conduction.	Low-noise amplifiers, digital logic circuits
PNP Transistor	Majority carriers: holes. Conducts with negative base current.	Power supply circuits, motor controllers
High-Frequency BJT	Optimized for RF/microwave signal amplification (f_T > 100 MHz)	Wireless communication systems, radar
Power BJT	High current/voltage ratings (I_C > 1A, V_CE > 50V)	Switch-mode power supplies, motor drives

3. Structure & Composition

BJTs consist of three doped semiconductor regions forming two p-n junctions:

Emitter: Heavily doped region emitting charge carriers
Base: Thin, lightly doped middle region controlling carrier flow
Collector: Moderately doped region collecting carriers

Manufactured using silicon (common) or germanium (historic) with planar processing technology. The structure forms either NPN (n-type emitter/base/collector) or PNP configuration, with metal contacts for external connections.

4. Key Technical Specifications

Parameter	Description	Importance
Current Gain (h_FE)	Ratio of collector to base current (10-1000)	Determines amplification capability
Transition Frequency (f_T)	Frequency at which current gain drops to 1	Limits high-frequency performance
Max Collector Current (I_Cmax)	Maximum allowable continuous collector current	Defines power handling capability
Breakdown Voltage (V_CEO)	Max voltage between collector and emitter	Prevents device failure under stress
Saturation Voltage (V_CEsat)	Voltage drop in fully conducting state	Affects power efficiency in switching

5. Application Areas

Consumer Electronics: Audio amplifiers, LED drivers
Automotive: Engine control units, electric vehicle inverters
Industrial: PLCs, motor controllers
Telecommunications: RF power amplifiers, fiber optic transceivers
Aerospace: Avionics systems, satellite transponders

6. Leading Manufacturers & Products

Manufacturer	Product Series	Key Specifications	Typical Use
ON Semiconductor	2N3904	hFE: 100-300, fT: 300 MHz	General-purpose switching
Infineon	BC547	VCEO: 50V, ICmax: 100mA	Analog signal amplification
STMicroelectronics	2SD2656	ICmax: 15A, VCEO: 80V	Power inverter applications
Diodes Inc.	BFR93A	fT: 10 GHz, Noise Figure: 2dB	High-frequency front-end amplifiers

7. Selection Guidelines

Determine operating frequency: Select fT > 3 target frequency
Power requirements: Ensure Icmax and VCEO exceed circuit requirements by 20%
Thermal considerations: Calculate power dissipation (P=V_CE I_C)
Package type: TO-92 for low power, TO-220 for high-power applications
Environmental factors: Consider temperature ratings for industrial/military use

8. Industry Trends

Future developments include:

High-frequency BJTs operating beyond 100 GHz for 6G communication
Integrated BJT-MOSFET hybrid devices (BiCMOS) for mixed-signal applications
Wide-bandgap materials (SiC/GaN) for higher power density
Miniaturization through chip-scale packaging
Improved thermal management solutions for automotive applications