1. Overview

Transient Voltage Suppression (TVS) Diodes are semiconductor devices designed to protect sensitive electronics from voltage spikes caused by ESD (electrostatic discharge), lightning, or switching events. By clamping transient voltages to safe levels, TVS diodes ensure circuit reliability in modern electronic systems. Their fast response time (<1ps) and low clamping voltage make them critical components in high-speed data lines, power supplies, and automotive electronics.

2. Main Types and Functional Classification

3. Structure and Composition

TVS diodes utilize a PN junction semiconductor structure with optimized doping profiles. Key components include:

• Silicon epitaxial layer for precise voltage control
• Passivation layer (SiO2/Nitride) to reduce leakage current
• Backside metallization for low-inductance packaging
• DO-214, SOD-123, or WCSP packaging variants

4. Key Technical Specifications

5. Application Areas

Major industries and typical equipment:

• Telecommunications: 5G base stations, optical transceivers
• Automotive: CAN/LIN bus protection, ADAS sensors
• Industrial: PLCs, motor drives
• Consumer Electronics: USB Type-C interfaces, Wi-Fi modules
• Renewable Energy: Solar inverters, wind turbine controllers

6. Leading Manufacturers and Products

7. Selection Guidelines

Key considerations:

• Operating voltage must be below Vbr (typically 1.1 Voper)
• Clamping voltage should stay under protected IC's maximum ratings
• Packaging selection based on board space and thermal requirements
• Environmental factors: temperature range, humidity resistance
• Compliance with standards (IEC 61000-4-2, ISO 10605)

Example: For a 12V automotive circuit, select a bidirectional TVS with Vbr=15V, Vc<30V, and Ipp>50A to handle load dump events.

8. Industry Trends

Key development directions:

• Miniaturization: 0201 package (0.6 0.3mm) for mobile devices
• Integration: Combo devices with filters and shielding
• Higher robustness: 40kV+ ESD protection for industrial IoT
• Advanced materials: Silicon carbide (SiC) for high-temperature applications
• AI-driven selection tools for optimized component matching