1. Overview

Rechargeable batteries (secondary batteries) are electrochemical energy storage devices that can be repeatedly charged and discharged through reversible chemical reactions. Unlike primary batteries, they form the backbone of modern energy storage systems, enabling portable electronics, electric vehicles (EVs), and renewable energy integration. Their ability to reduce long-term costs and environmental impact makes them critical in sustainable technology development.

2. Main Types and Functional Classification

3. Structure and Composition

Typical rechargeable battery cells consist of:

• Cathode: Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) in Li-ion, Nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) in NiMH
• Anode: Graphite (Li-ion), Hydrogen-absorbing alloy (NiMH)
• Electrolyte: Lithium salt in organic solvent (Li-ion), Potassium hydroxide (NiMH)
• Separator: Microporous polymer membrane preventing short circuits
• Current Collectors: Copper (anode), Aluminum (cathode)

Cell designs include cylindrical (18650 format), prismatic, and pouch configurations with integrated protection circuits.

4. Key Technical Parameters

5. Application Fields

• Consumer Electronics: Smartphones, tablets, wearables
• Transportation: EVs (Tesla Model 3), Hybrid vehicles (Toyota Prius)
• Renewable Energy: Solar+storage systems (Tesla Powerwall)
• Industrial: Forklifts, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)
• Military/Aerospace: UAVs, satellites

6. Leading Manufacturers and Products

7. Selection Recommendations

Key considerations:

• Energy Requirements: Calculate Wh needed for target runtime
• Power Profile: Assess peak current demands (e.g., EV acceleration)
• Environmental Conditions: Operating temperature range (-20 C to 60 C typical)
• Cost Constraints: Balance upfront cost vs lifecycle value
• Regulatory Compliance: UN38.3, IEC 62133 certifications

Example: Select LiFePO4 for solar storage systems requiring 5000+ cycles and wide temperature tolerance.

8. Industry Trends

• Material Innovation: Silicon anodes (20%+ capacity increase), solid-state electrolytes
• Fast Charging: 0-80% in 15 minutes (e.g., Tesla 4680 cells)
• Recycling: EU Battery Passport regulations driving closed-loop systems
• Market Growth: 12.6% CAGR projected through 2030 (Grand View Research)
• AI Integration: Smart BMS (Battery Management Systems) optimizing charge cycles