Batteries Rechargeable (Secondary)

Part Number	Description / PDF	Quantity
PC12-6TFP ZEUS Battery Products	6V 12AH RECHARGABLE SEALED LEA	0
PCIFR26650-3300 ZEUS Battery Products	BATT LIFEPO4 3.2V 3.3AH	473
PC9-12SF2 ZEUS Battery Products	BATTERY LEAD ACID 12V 9AH	0
PC4.5-6F1 ZEUS Battery Products	BATTERY LEAD ACID 6V 4.5AH	959
PCIFR18650-1500 ZEUS Battery Products	BATT LIFEPO4 3.2V 1.5AH	502
PC1.2-12F1 ZEUS Battery Products	BA 12V 1.2AH SLA	191
ZB1.2V4/5AN1 ZEUS Battery Products	1.2V NICD 1200MAH BATTERY PACK	145
PC22-12NB ZEUS Battery Products	12V 22AH RECHARGABLE SEALED LEA	0
PC12-6XBF1 ZEUS Battery Products	6V 12AH F1 BLACK RECHARGABLE SE	0
PCLFP7.5-12.8F2 ZEUS Battery Products	BATT LIFEPO4 12.8V 7.5AH	148
PC1.3-12F1 ZEUS Battery Products	BATTERY LEAD ACID 12V 1.3AH	222
PC33-12NB ZEUS Battery Products	BATTERY LEAD ACID 12V 33AH	184
PCLFP10-12.8F2 ZEUS Battery Products	BATT LIFEPO4 12.8V 10AH	174
PC18-12NB ZEUS Battery Products	BATTERY LEAD ACID 12V 18AH	0
PC7-6F1 ZEUS Battery Products	BATTERY LEAD ACID 6V 7AH	213
PC12-12F2 ZEUS Battery Products	BATTERY LEAD ACID 12V 12AH	0
PC3.4-12F1 ZEUS Battery Products	BA 12V 3.4AH SLA	268
PC55-12NB ZEUS Battery Products	BATTERY LEAD ACID 12V 55AH	44
PC20-12NB ZEUS Battery Products	12V 20AH RECHARGABLE SEALED LEAD	0
PC9-12F2 ZEUS Battery Products	12V 9AH RECHARGABLE SEALED LEAD	0

Batteries Rechargeable (Secondary)

1. Overview

Rechargeable batteries (secondary batteries) are electrochemical energy storage devices that can be repeatedly charged and discharged through reversible chemical reactions. Unlike primary batteries, they form the backbone of modern energy storage systems, enabling portable electronics, electric vehicles (EVs), and renewable energy integration. Their ability to reduce long-term costs and environmental impact makes them critical in sustainable technology development.

2. Main Types and Functional Classification

Type	Functional Characteristics	Application Examples
Lithium-ion (Li-ion)	High energy density (100-265 Wh/kg), low self-discharge, long cycle life (500-2000 cycles)	Smartphones, EVs, laptops
Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH)	Moderate energy density (60-120 Wh/kg), environmental friendliness, memory effect resistance	Hybrid vehicles, digital cameras
Lead-Acid	Low cost, high surge current capability, heavy weight	Automotive starters, backup power systems
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)	Exceptional thermal stability, long lifespan (2000+ cycles), lower energy density	Electric buses, solar storage, marine applications

3. Structure and Composition

Typical rechargeable battery cells consist of:

Cathode: Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) in Li-ion, Nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) in NiMH
Anode: Graphite (Li-ion), Hydrogen-absorbing alloy (NiMH)
Electrolyte: Lithium salt in organic solvent (Li-ion), Potassium hydroxide (NiMH)
Separator: Microporous polymer membrane preventing short circuits
Current Collectors: Copper (anode), Aluminum (cathode)

Cell designs include cylindrical (18650 format), prismatic, and pouch configurations with integrated protection circuits.

4. Key Technical Parameters

Parameter	Description	Importance
Energy Density	Wh/kg or Wh/L	Determines runtime and weight
Charge Cycle Life	Number of full discharge/charge cycles	Dictates longevity and cost-effectiveness
Internal Resistance	Measured in milliohms	Affects power output and efficiency
Self-Discharge Rate	Monthly capacity loss percentage	Storage performance indicator
Charging Efficiency	Percentage of energy retained during charging	Impacts operational costs

5. Application Fields

Consumer Electronics: Smartphones, tablets, wearables
Transportation: EVs (Tesla Model 3), Hybrid vehicles (Toyota Prius)
Renewable Energy: Solar+storage systems (Tesla Powerwall)
Industrial: Forklifts, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)
Military/Aerospace: UAVs, satellites

6. Leading Manufacturers and Products

Manufacturer	Representative Product	Chemistry Type
Panasonic	NCR18650B	Lithium-ion
BYD	Blade Battery	Lithium Iron Phosphate
Samsung SDI	INR18650-30Q	Nickel Cobalt Manganese (NCM)
Exide Technologies	Chloride SLA	Lead-Acid
LG Chem	LGDBHE21865	Lithium-ion Polymer

7. Selection Recommendations

Key considerations:

Energy Requirements: Calculate Wh needed for target runtime
Power Profile: Assess peak current demands (e.g., EV acceleration)
Environmental Conditions: Operating temperature range (-20 C to 60 C typical)
Cost Constraints: Balance upfront cost vs lifecycle value
Regulatory Compliance: UN38.3, IEC 62133 certifications

Example: Select LiFePO4 for solar storage systems requiring 5000+ cycles and wide temperature tolerance.

8. Industry Trends

Material Innovation: Silicon anodes (20%+ capacity increase), solid-state electrolytes
Fast Charging: 0-80% in 15 minutes (e.g., Tesla 4680 cells)
Recycling: EU Battery Passport regulations driving closed-loop systems
Market Growth: 12.6% CAGR projected through 2030 (Grand View Research)
AI Integration: Smart BMS (Battery Management Systems) optimizing charge cycles