AC DC Converters

Image	Part Number	Description / PDF	Quantity	Rfq
	WX4-7713546-2 Vicor	PFC MEGAPAC	0
	VP-E2781046E Vicor	VCAD:VP-E2781046E	0
	VI-RUJ01-EUWY Vicor	FG MICROCNTLR A/R FP R	0
	WM1-117668 Vicor	MINI MEGAPAC	0
	VI-LF1-CU Vicor	VI-LF1-CU 300V/12V 200W	0
	VI-LUJ-EV Vicor	VI-LUJ-EV 36V 150W MICROCONTRO	0
	VI-RUY22-CYYY Vicor	3.3V 15V 15V 50W 50W 50W MICRO	0
	FL1-10-15678 Vicor	FLATPAC EN	0
	VI-PU04-IYX Vicor	VI-PU04-IYX 5V 48V 50W 75W MIC	0
	WX8-487666-G Vicor	MEGAPAC STD 4KW ROHS	0
	WX1-48539-32-2 Vicor	MEGAPAC 4KW	0
	VI-PA10-CVX Vicor	VI-PA10-CVX 12V 5V 150W 75W AU	0
	VI-NUH-CP Vicor	VI-NUH-CP 52V 450W MICROCONTRO	0
	VI-LF4-EU Vicor	VI-LF4-EU 48V 200W FLATPAC	0
	VI-RU001-IWWW Vicor	FG MICROCNTLR A/R FP R	0
	WX3-4711691-2 Vicor	MEGAPAC STD 4KW	0
	WP7-77575 Vicor	PFC MEGAPAC	0
	WM7-17525 Vicor	MINI MEGAPAC	0
	VI-RU20Y-CXYY Vicor	15V 5V 3.3V 75W 50W 50W MICROC	0
	VI-RF100-CYXY Vicor	VI-RF100-CYXY 12V 5V 5V 50W 75	0

AC DC Converters

1. Overview

AC-DC converters are electronic devices that convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). They are critical components in power supply systems for modern electronics, enabling equipment to operate safely and efficiently. External/internal (off-board) converters are designed for integration into systems or as standalone units, serving diverse applications from consumer electronics to industrial machinery. Their importance lies in ensuring stable power delivery, voltage regulation, and compliance with global energy standards.

2. Main Types and Functional Classification

Type	Functional Features	Application Examples
External AC Adapters	Plug-in power supplies with universal input (90-264V AC), isolated output, and over-current protection	Laptop chargers, LED monitors, medical devices
Internal Board-Mounted Converters	Compact designs with high power density, designed for PCB integration with minimal external components	Servers, telecommunications equipment, test instruments
Open-Frame Converters	Exposed PCB design for optimal thermal management, requiring external enclosure	Industrial automation systems, power distribution units
Rack-Mount Converters	Modular units with standardized dimensions for data center scalability	Telecom infrastructure, cloud computing servers

3. Structure and Components

Typical physical structure includes:

Enclosure: Metal/plastic housing with ventilation slots
Primary Circuit: Input filter, rectifier bridge, and PFC (Power Factor Correction) circuit
Transformer: Galvanic isolation with primary/secondary windings
Secondary Circuit: Output rectifier, LC filter, and voltage regulator
Control IC: PWM controller for output stability and feedback loop
Protection Circuits: OVP (Over Voltage), OCP (Over Current), OTP (Over Temperature)

4. Key Technical Specifications

Parameter	Description
Input Voltage Range	90-264V AC (global standard), with 47-63Hz frequency tolerance
Output Voltage Accuracy	1% to 5% regulation under varying load conditions
Efficiency	85-96% (80 PLUS certification levels: Bronze to Titanium)
Power Factor (PF)	0.90-0.99 (active PFC required for >75W devices)
Isolation Voltage	1500-4000V AC (safety barrier between input/output)
Operating Temperature	-40 C to +70 C (industrial grade), with derating above 50 C
Safety Certifications	UL/CSA 62368-1, EN 60335, IEC 60950-1

5. Application Fields

Consumer Electronics: Smartphone chargers, gaming consoles
Industrial Automation: PLCs, CNC machines, IoT gateways
Telecommunications: 5G base stations, optical network units
Medical Equipment: Patient monitors, imaging systems (2xMOPP isolation)
Data Centers: Server power supplies, storage arrays

6. Leading Manufacturers and Products

Manufacturer	Representative Product	Key Features
Delta Electronics	PAD-150G	150W external adapter, 94% efficiency, medical safety certification
TDK-Lambda	ZUBD1000	1kW digital power supply with PMBus interface
Mean Well	RS-35-5	35W industrial open-frame converter, 4kV isolation
CUI Inc	PSK-50-24	50W PCB-mount power supply with 3:1 input range

7. Selection Recommendations

Determine required output power with 20% safety margin
Select appropriate form factor (external/internal) based on system integration needs
Verify compliance with target market safety standards
Assess thermal management requirements (convection vs forced-air cooling)
Consider digital control features for smart power management
Evaluate MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures) for critical applications

Industry Development Trends

Current trends include:

Increased efficiency targets (>96%) driven by Energy Star regulations
GaN/SiC transistor adoption for higher switching frequencies and density
Smart power systems with IoT connectivity and predictive maintenance
Wide input voltage ranges (85-305V AC) for global deployment
Reduced form factors through planar magnetics and 3D packaging
Environmental compliance (RoHS, REACH) driving lead-free and recyclable designs