Electroluminescence (EL) is a phenomenon where materials emit light in response to an electric current or strong electric field. This technology forms the basis for various modern optoelectronic devices, combining electrical and optical functionalities. Its significance lies in enabling efficient solid-state lighting, flexible displays, and advanced sensing systems, revolutionizing industries from consumer electronics to biomedical engineering.
| Type | Functional Characteristics | Application Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Organic EL (OLED) | Self-emissive, high contrast ratio, flexible substrates | Smartphone displays, VR headsets |
| Inorganic EL (LED) | High brightness, long lifetime, narrow emission spectrum | Backlighting, automotive lighting |
| Quantum Dot EL (QLED) | Tunable emission wavelength, high color purity | TV panels, medical imaging |
| Electroluminescent Wires | Linear light sources, flexible and thin profile | Wearable electronics, signage |
A typical EL device consists of multiple layers: transparent anode (ITO glass), hole transport layer (HTL), emissive layer (organic/inorganic phosphors), electron transport layer (ETL), and metallic cathode. Advanced designs incorporate microcavity structures for enhanced light extraction and flexible barrier films for mechanical durability. Quantum dot variants use nanocrystal dispersions in polymer matrices.
| Parameter | Description | Importance |
|---|---|---|
| Luminous Efficiency | Light output per watt (lm/W) | Energy consumption optimization |
| Color Rendering Index (CRI) | Ability to reproduce colors accurately | Visual fidelity in lighting applications |
| Operating Lifetime | Hours until 50% brightness loss (L50) | Device durability assessment |
| Response Time | Light emission delay ( s-ms range) | Crucial for high-speed displays |
| Quantum Efficiency | Photon-electron conversion ratio | Performance benchmarking |
Key industries include:
| Manufacturer | Representative Product | Key Features |
|---|---|---|
| Samsung Display | QD-OLED Monitor | 2000 nits peak brightness, 97% DCI-P3 coverage |
| LG Innotek | Flexible OLED Lighting | 0.3mm thickness, 20,000 hour lifespan |
| General Electric | EL Automotive Panels | Wide color gamut, vibration resistance |
| Nanoco Technologies | Heavy-metal-free QLEDs | RoHS compliance, 100% sRGB coverage |
Key considerations:
Current developments focus on:
Market projections indicate a CAGR of 12.4% through 2030, driven by augmented reality and autonomous vehicle applications.
