Optical lenses are precision components designed to manipulate light through refraction, enabling beam shaping, focusing, or imaging. They serve as fundamental elements in optical systems across scientific, industrial, and consumer applications. Modern technologies rely on lenses for applications ranging from high-resolution microscopy to autonomous vehicle LiDAR systems, with advancements in materials and manufacturing driving performance improvements.
| Type | Functional Characteristics | Application Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Spherical Lenses | Simple curved surfaces with uniform radius | Basic imaging systems, eyepieces |
| Aspheric Lenses | Non-spherical surfaces correcting spherical aberration | High-precision cameras, laser diode collimation |
| Cylindrical Lenses | Single-axis curvature for line focusing | Laser beam shaping, spectroscopy |
| Achromatic Lenses | Multi-element design correcting chromatic aberration | Microscopy, telescopes, white light systems |
| Reflective Mirrors | Metallic surfaces for broadband reflection | High-power laser systems, UV applications |
| Diffractive Optics | Micro-structured surfaces enabling complex beam profiles | 3D sensing, medical imaging |
Typical optical lenses consist of: - Substrate Material: Optical glass (e.g., BK7, SF11), plastics (PMMA, polycarbonate), or crystals (sapphire, germanium) - Surface Geometry: Spherical, aspheric, or freeform profiles with nanometer-level precision - Coatings: Anti-reflective (AR) coatings (e.g., MgF ), high-reflectivity dielectric coatings, or protective layers - Mechanical Housing: Metal/aluminum mounts with precision alignment features
| Parameter | Importance |
|---|---|
| Focal Length ( 1%) | Determines image magnification and field of view |
| Numerical Aperture (NA) | Defines light-gathering ability and resolution |
| Wavelength Range | Specifies operational spectral bandwidth |
| Transmission Efficiency | Measures optical power throughput |
| Surface Quality (Scratch-Dig) | Affects stray light and damage threshold |
| Radius of Curvature Tolerance | Impacts wavefront accuracy |
| Manufacturer | Representative Product |
|---|---|
| Edmund Optics | 59-875 C Series Fixed Focal Length Lens |
| Thorlabs | AC254-050-A Achromatic Doublet |
| Carl Zeiss | Plan-Apochromat 100x/1.46 Oil Immersion Lens |
| Sch fter+Kirchhoff | 67-588-IG 1.306 NA Micro-objective |
Key selection criteria include:
Example: Selecting a telecentric lens (e.g., Edmund 59-875) for industrial metrology ensures minimal perspective error in dimensional measurements.
Current developments include:
The global optical lens market is projected to reach $15.2 billion by 2027, driven by demand in 3D sensing and autonomous vehicle technologies.