Microscopes

Part Number	Description / PDF	Quantity
BD-209-213 Aven	USB DIGITAL MICROSCOPE 5M MIGHTY	3
810 TPI (Test Products International)	MICROSCOPE PRTBL W/LIGHT	9
VE-148P Velab Co.	BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE	30
VE-065 Velab Co.	TRINOCULAR COMPARISON MICROSCOPE	30
26800B-323 Aven	MICRO STEREO ZM 10X-44X W/LIGHT	0
AF4515ZT4 Dunwell Tech, Inc.	400X USB MICROSCOPE	8
AF4115ZT Dunwell Tech, Inc.	20X-220X USB MICROSCOPE	8
VE-300PAD Velab Co.	BIOLOGICAL BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE	30
VE-B20 Velab Co.	BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE	30
AF4115ZTW Dunwell Tech, Inc.	20X-220X WIDE USB MICROSCOPE	6
VE-407 Velab Co.	TRINOCULAR MICROSCOPE	30
26800B-373-1 Aven	SPZ 50 STEREO ZOOM BINOCULAR MIC	2
VE-S0 Velab Co.	BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE	30
AF4915ZT Dunwell Tech, Inc.	20X-220X USB MICROSCOPE	9
VE-J1 Velab Co.	MONOLCULAR MICROSCOPE	30
VE-B300 Velab Co.	BIOLOGICAL BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE	30
VE-PH300 Velab Co.	BIOLOGICAL BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE	30
SPZHT-135 Aven	MICRO STEREO ZM 21X-135X NON-ILL	9
AM5218MZTW Dunwell Tech, Inc.	10X-50X HDMI MICROSCOPE WIDE WD	2
DSZV-44 Aven	MICRO STEREO ZM 10X-44X NON-ILL	2

Microscopes

1. Overview

Microscopes are optical instruments that use lenses or combinations of lenses to magnify and resolve fine details of specimens beyond the capability of the human eye. They play a critical role in scientific research, industrial quality control, medical diagnostics, and material analysis. Modern microscopes integrate advanced optics, digital imaging, and automation technologies to enable precise visualization and quantitative analysis at microscopic scales.

2. Main Types and Functional Classification

Type	Functional Features	Application Examples
Optical Microscope	Uses visible light and lenses for magnification (up to 1500x). Includes brightfield, darkfield, phase contrast, and fluorescence modes.	Biological sample observation, histology, metallurgical analysis
Electron Microscope	Utilizes electron beams for ultra-high resolution (up to 0.1 nm). Includes SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope).	Nanomaterial characterization, semiconductor defect analysis, virus imaging
Scanning Probe Microscope	Measures surface topography at atomic levels using a physical probe. Includes AFM (Atomic Force Microscope) and STM (Scanning Tunneling Microscope).	Surface roughness measurement, molecular manipulation
Confocal Microscope	Uses laser scanning and pinhole apertures to eliminate out-of-focus light, enabling 3D imaging.	Cell biology, fluorescent labeling, thick tissue imaging

3. Structure and Components

Typical components of an optical microscope include:

Optical System: Objective lenses (4x 100x magnification), eyepieces (10x 25x), and light source (LED, halogen, or laser).
Mechanical Frame: Stage for sample placement, focus adjustment knobs (coarse/fine), and revolver for lens switching.
Digital Imaging System: CMOS/CCD camera, image processing software, and display monitor.
Control Interface: Joystick for manual operation, motorized stages for automated scanning, and software for data analysis.

4. Key Technical Specifications

Parameter	Description	Importance
Resolution	Minimum distance between two distinguishable points (0.2 m for optical microscopes).	Determines the clarity of fine details.
Magnification Range	Combined power of objective and eyepiece (e.g., 40x 1000x).	Defines observable sample size limits.
Numerical Aperture (NA)	Light-gathering ability of the objective lens (e.g., 0.1 1.4).	Impacts resolution and depth of field.
Field of View (FOV)	Area visible in a single view (e.g., 0.5 2 mm diameter).	Affects sample navigation efficiency.
Working Distance	Distance between objective lens and sample (e.g., 0.5 50 mm).	Determines compatibility with large/3D samples.

5. Application Fields

Key industries and applications:

Life Sciences: Cellular morphology, histopathology, live-cell imaging.
Materials Science: Metallography, polymer surface analysis, composite material testing.
Semiconductor Industry: Wafer defect detection, circuit inspection (e.g., AOI systems).
Clinical Diagnostics: Blood smear analysis, microbiology, cytology.
Education: Student microscopes for basic biological research.

Case Study: In semiconductor manufacturing, confocal microscopes are used to inspect photomasks for defects smaller than 100 nm, ensuring chip yield rates exceed 95%.

6. Leading Manufacturers and Representative Products

Manufacturer	Product Example	Key Specifications
Carl Zeiss	Axio Imager 2	Resolution: 0.12 m, 100W LED illumination, motorized stage
Nikon	Eclipse Ti2	Max magnification: 1000x, CFI60 optical system
Olympus	BX53	6-axis motorized control, fluorescence imaging capability
Leica Microsystems	DM6 B	Automated magnification selection, color camera resolution: 18 MP

7. Selection Guidelines

Key considerations:

Application Requirements: Choose optical microscopes for live samples, electron microscopes for sub-nanometer resolution.
Budget Constraints: Entry-level models cost $5,000 $20,000; electron microscopes range from $100,000 to over $1M.
Automation Needs: Motorized stages and AI-based analysis software are essential for high-throughput production lines.
Sample Characteristics: Transparent samples require phase-contrast or DIC optics; conductive materials need SEM compatibility.
Future Scalability: Modular systems allow upgrades with fluorescence modules or Raman spectroscopy integration.

8. Industry Trends

Future developments include:

Super-Resolution Imaging: Techniques like STED and PALM breaking the diffraction limit (resolution <50 nm).
AI Integration: Deep learning algorithms for automatic defect classification in industrial inspection.
Multi-Modal Systems: Combined optical and X-ray tomography for 3D structural analysis.
Miniaturization: Portable microscopes with smartphone connectivity for field diagnostics.
Eco-Design: Energy-efficient LED illumination and recyclable polymer components.