AC-DC converters and offline switchers are critical subcategories of Power Management Integrated Circuits (PMICs) that convert alternating current (AC) from mains power to direct current (DC) for electronic devices. Offline switchers directly regulate input voltage without requiring a line-frequency transformer, enabling compact and efficient designs. These components are essential in modern electronics for ensuring stable power delivery, energy efficiency, and compliance with global standards like Energy Star and CoC Tier-2.
| Type | Functional Features | Application Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Flyback Controllers | Isolated topology with energy storage in transformer; suitable for low-to-medium power | Mobile chargers, adapter supplies |
| Forward Controllers | Higher efficiency for medium-to-high power; requires reset circuitry | Industrial power supplies, telecom rectifiers |
| Resonant Controllers | ZVS/ZCS techniques for minimal switching losses; high-frequency operation | High-end server PSUs, wireless charging |
| PFC-Precursors | Boosts power factor to meet regulatory limits; often paired with main converters | Appliances, LED drivers |
Typical physical structure includes:
Technical composition integrates primary-side regulation (PSR) or secondary-side feedback with optocouplers, often supporting synchronous rectification for efficiency optimization.
| Parameter | Description | Importance |
|---|---|---|
| Input Voltage Range | 85-265V AC or 120-400V DC | Global compatibility and surge tolerance |
| Output Power | 1W-500W depending on topology | Determines application scope |
| Switching Frequency | 20kHz-2MHz | Affects EMI, transformer size, and efficiency |
| Efficiency | 85%-96% (varies with load) | Thermal performance and energy costs |
| Protection Features | Overvoltage, overcurrent, thermal shutdown | System reliability and safety compliance |
| Manufacturer | Representative Product | Key Features |
|---|---|---|
| Texas Instruments | UCC28780 | High-frequency resonant controller with GaN support |
| STMicroelectronics | L6565 | Current-mode flyback controller for adapters |
| Infineon | ICE3BR1765 | Integrated CoolSET for SMPS |
| ON Semiconductor | NCP1342 | Quasi-resonant flyback controller |
| Monolithic Power Systems | MP44010 | Primary-side regulated controller |
Case Study: For a 65W USB-C laptop adapter, select a high-frequency resonant controller with synchronous rectification to achieve >92% efficiency and compact form factor.