Transistors - Bipolar (BJT)

Transistors - Bipolar (BJT) - Single

Part Number	Description / PDF	Quantity
FZT591ATA Zetex Semiconductors (Diodes Inc.)	TRANS PNP 40V 1A SOT223	33644000
BD810G Sanyo Semiconductor/ON Semiconductor	TRANS PNP 80V 10A TO-220AB	3512350
PBSS3540M,315 Nexperia	TRANS PNP 40V 0.5A SOT883	90894
SBC846ALT1G Sanyo Semiconductor/ON Semiconductor	TRANS NPN 65V 100MA SOT23-3	1232
2N6517TA	SMALL SIGNAL BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR,	48681
TIP42CG	POWER BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR, 6A, 10	87355
SMBTA06 IR (Infineon Technologies)	SMALL SIGNAL BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR	6000
MMBTA64LT3G	SMALL SIGNAL BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR,	100000
TIP111-BP Micro Commercial Components (MCC)	TRANS NPN DARL 80V 2A TO-220AB	0
2SC5101 Sanken Electric Co., Ltd.	TRANS NPN 140V 10A TO3PF	0
BCX5116TA Zetex Semiconductors (Diodes Inc.)	TRANS PNP 45V 1A SOT89	4270
2SB09760RA Panasonic	TRANS PNP 18V 5A TO-92	2221
PMBT3904MB,315 Nexperia	TRANS NPN 40V 0.2A 3DFN	0
BCV26,235 Nexperia	NOW NEXPERIA BCV26 - SMALL SIGNA	10000
NTE27 NTE Electronics, Inc.	TRANS PNP 45V 60A TO3	17
NTE387MP NTE Electronics, Inc.	TRANS NPN 150V 50A TO3	8
2SC5866TLR ROHM Semiconductor	TRANS NPN 60V 2A TSMT3	0
MPSW06RLRA	SMALL SIGNAL BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR	8750
SMMBT2907ALT1G Sanyo Semiconductor/ON Semiconductor	TRANS PNP 60V 600MA SOT23-3	8548
BC857AW Diotec Semiconductor	BJT SOT-323 45V 100MA	0

Transistors - Bipolar (BJT) - Single

1. Overview

Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) are three-terminal semiconductor devices that use both electron and hole charge carriers. They form the foundation of analog electronics through their ability to amplify signals and control current flow. BJTs remain critical in modern electronics for applications ranging from audio amplifiers to power management circuits, offering superior linearity and robustness in switching operations.

2. Main Types & Functional Classification

Type	Functional Characteristics	Application Examples
NPN Transistor	Majority carriers: electrons. Requires positive base current for conduction.	Low-noise amplifiers, digital logic circuits
PNP Transistor	Majority carriers: holes. Conducts with negative base current.	Power supply circuits, motor controllers
High-Frequency BJT	Optimized for RF/microwave signal amplification (f_T > 100 MHz)	Wireless communication systems, radar
Power BJT	High current/voltage ratings (I_C > 1A, V_CE > 50V)	Switch-mode power supplies, motor drives

3. Structure & Composition

BJTs consist of three doped semiconductor regions forming two p-n junctions:

Emitter: Heavily doped region emitting charge carriers
Base: Thin, lightly doped middle region controlling carrier flow
Collector: Moderately doped region collecting carriers

Manufactured using silicon (common) or germanium (historic) with planar processing technology. The structure forms either NPN (n-type emitter/base/collector) or PNP configuration, with metal contacts for external connections.

4. Key Technical Specifications

Parameter	Description	Importance
Current Gain (h_FE)	Ratio of collector to base current (10-1000)	Determines amplification capability
Transition Frequency (f_T)	Frequency at which current gain drops to 1	Limits high-frequency performance
Max Collector Current (I_Cmax)	Maximum allowable continuous collector current	Defines power handling capability
Breakdown Voltage (V_CEO)	Max voltage between collector and emitter	Prevents device failure under stress
Saturation Voltage (V_CEsat)	Voltage drop in fully conducting state	Affects power efficiency in switching

5. Application Areas

Consumer Electronics: Audio amplifiers, LED drivers
Automotive: Engine control units, electric vehicle inverters
Industrial: PLCs, motor controllers
Telecommunications: RF power amplifiers, fiber optic transceivers
Aerospace: Avionics systems, satellite transponders

6. Leading Manufacturers & Products

Manufacturer	Product Series	Key Specifications	Typical Use
ON Semiconductor	2N3904	hFE: 100-300, fT: 300 MHz	General-purpose switching
Infineon	BC547	VCEO: 50V, ICmax: 100mA	Analog signal amplification
STMicroelectronics	2SD2656	ICmax: 15A, VCEO: 80V	Power inverter applications
Diodes Inc.	BFR93A	fT: 10 GHz, Noise Figure: 2dB	High-frequency front-end amplifiers

7. Selection Guidelines

Determine operating frequency: Select fT > 3 target frequency
Power requirements: Ensure Icmax and VCEO exceed circuit requirements by 20%
Thermal considerations: Calculate power dissipation (P=V_CE I_C)
Package type: TO-92 for low power, TO-220 for high-power applications
Environmental factors: Consider temperature ratings for industrial/military use

8. Industry Trends

Future developments include:

High-frequency BJTs operating beyond 100 GHz for 6G communication
Integrated BJT-MOSFET hybrid devices (BiCMOS) for mixed-signal applications
Wide-bandgap materials (SiC/GaN) for higher power density
Miniaturization through chip-scale packaging
Improved thermal management solutions for automotive applications