AC DC Converters

Image	Part Number	Description / PDF	Quantity	Rfq
	VI-RUL20-CUXY Vicor	VI-RUL20-CUXY 28V 15V 5V 200W	0
	VP-B2384829E Vicor	VCAD:VP-B2384829E	0
	VI-RU013-IYXX Vicor	VI-RU013-IYXX 5V 12V 24V 50W 7	0
	VI-RU122-IYXY Vicor	VI-RU122-IYXY 12V 15V 15V 50W	0
	VP-A2753635E Vicor	VCAD:VP-A2753635E	0
	WX3-735748-G Vicor	PFC MEGAPAC HP ROHS	0
	VI-NUF-IM Vicor	VI-NUF-IM 72V 600W MICROCONTRO	0
	VI-RA011-EXWY Vicor	VI-RA011-EXWY 5V 12V 12V 75W 1	0
	VI-RU412-CWUY Vicor	VI-RU412-CWUY 48V 12V 15V 100W	0
	VP-D2451835 Vicor	VCAD:VP-D2451835	0
	WP10-7118448-EL Vicor	PFC MEGAPAC EL	0
	WP5-75567 Vicor	PFC MEGAPAC	0
	VP-A2720430 Vicor	VCAD:VP-A2720430	0
	VI-MU0-EQ Vicor	VI-MU0-EQ 5V 400W MICROCONTROL	0
	VI-RU310-EYYW Vicor	VI-RU310-EYYW 24V 12V 5V 50W 5	0
	VP-D2528042E Vicor	VCAD:VP-D2528042E	0
	VI-PU24-CVV Vicor	FG MICROCNTLR A/R FP P	0
	VI-PFL0-CYY Vicor	VI-PFL0-CYY 28V 50W FLATPAC	0
	VP-B2558513 Vicor	VCAD:VP-B2558513	0
	VI-RU013-CYYY Vicor	VI-RU013-CYYY 5V 12V 24V 50W 5	0

AC DC Converters

1. Overview

AC-DC converters are electronic devices that convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). They are critical components in power supply systems for modern electronics, enabling equipment to operate safely and efficiently. External/internal (off-board) converters are designed for integration into systems or as standalone units, serving diverse applications from consumer electronics to industrial machinery. Their importance lies in ensuring stable power delivery, voltage regulation, and compliance with global energy standards.

2. Main Types and Functional Classification

Type	Functional Features	Application Examples
External AC Adapters	Plug-in power supplies with universal input (90-264V AC), isolated output, and over-current protection	Laptop chargers, LED monitors, medical devices
Internal Board-Mounted Converters	Compact designs with high power density, designed for PCB integration with minimal external components	Servers, telecommunications equipment, test instruments
Open-Frame Converters	Exposed PCB design for optimal thermal management, requiring external enclosure	Industrial automation systems, power distribution units
Rack-Mount Converters	Modular units with standardized dimensions for data center scalability	Telecom infrastructure, cloud computing servers

3. Structure and Components

Typical physical structure includes:

Enclosure: Metal/plastic housing with ventilation slots
Primary Circuit: Input filter, rectifier bridge, and PFC (Power Factor Correction) circuit
Transformer: Galvanic isolation with primary/secondary windings
Secondary Circuit: Output rectifier, LC filter, and voltage regulator
Control IC: PWM controller for output stability and feedback loop
Protection Circuits: OVP (Over Voltage), OCP (Over Current), OTP (Over Temperature)

4. Key Technical Specifications

Parameter	Description
Input Voltage Range	90-264V AC (global standard), with 47-63Hz frequency tolerance
Output Voltage Accuracy	1% to 5% regulation under varying load conditions
Efficiency	85-96% (80 PLUS certification levels: Bronze to Titanium)
Power Factor (PF)	0.90-0.99 (active PFC required for >75W devices)
Isolation Voltage	1500-4000V AC (safety barrier between input/output)
Operating Temperature	-40 C to +70 C (industrial grade), with derating above 50 C
Safety Certifications	UL/CSA 62368-1, EN 60335, IEC 60950-1

5. Application Fields

Consumer Electronics: Smartphone chargers, gaming consoles
Industrial Automation: PLCs, CNC machines, IoT gateways
Telecommunications: 5G base stations, optical network units
Medical Equipment: Patient monitors, imaging systems (2xMOPP isolation)
Data Centers: Server power supplies, storage arrays

6. Leading Manufacturers and Products

Manufacturer	Representative Product	Key Features
Delta Electronics	PAD-150G	150W external adapter, 94% efficiency, medical safety certification
TDK-Lambda	ZUBD1000	1kW digital power supply with PMBus interface
Mean Well	RS-35-5	35W industrial open-frame converter, 4kV isolation
CUI Inc	PSK-50-24	50W PCB-mount power supply with 3:1 input range

7. Selection Recommendations

Determine required output power with 20% safety margin
Select appropriate form factor (external/internal) based on system integration needs
Verify compliance with target market safety standards
Assess thermal management requirements (convection vs forced-air cooling)
Consider digital control features for smart power management
Evaluate MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures) for critical applications

Industry Development Trends

Current trends include:

Increased efficiency targets (>96%) driven by Energy Star regulations
GaN/SiC transistor adoption for higher switching frequencies and density
Smart power systems with IoT connectivity and predictive maintenance
Wide input voltage ranges (85-305V AC) for global deployment
Reduced form factors through planar magnetics and 3D packaging
Environmental compliance (RoHS, REACH) driving lead-free and recyclable designs