Springs - Torsion

Part Number	Description / PDF	Quantity
TO-5199LSCS Century Spring Corp.	TOR O=.871, W=.063	199
TO-5029LSCS Century Spring Corp.	TOR O=.194, W=.014	1761
TO-5090RCS Century Spring Corp.	TOR O=.366, W=.029	1187
TO-5035RCS Century Spring Corp.	TOR O=.208, W=.015	1063
TO-5195LSCS Century Spring Corp.	TOR O=.835, W=.078	816
TO-5012LSCS Century Spring Corp.	TOR O=.165, W=.018	479
TO-5160LCS Century Spring Corp.	TOR O=.600, .063	657
TO-5201RSCS Century Spring Corp.	TORS O=891, W=.085	150
TO-5076RSCS Century Spring Corp.	TOR O=.349, W=.040	2434
TO-5056LCS Century Spring Corp.	TOR O=.270, W=.032	2686
TO-5148RCS Century Spring Corp.	TORS O=.564, W=.055	208
TO-5100RCS Century Spring Corp.	TOR O=.377, W=.045	260
TO-5125RSCS Century Spring Corp.	TOR O=.477, W=.038	247
TO-5072RCS Century Spring Corp.	TOR O=.329, W=.028	999
TO-5014LCS Century Spring Corp.	TOR O=.171, W=.012	1098
TO-5142RSCS Century Spring Corp.	TOR O=.556, W=.051	115
TO-5086LCS Century Spring Corp.	TOR O=.364, W=.026	150
TO-5032LSCS Century Spring Corp.	TOR O=.201, W=.014	346
TO-5022RSCS Century Spring Corp.	TOR O=.186, W=.021	245
TO-1039CS Century Spring Corp.	TOR O=.653, W=.061	179

Springs - Torsion

1. Overview

Torsion springs are elastic components designed to store and release angular energy or to statically hold a mechanism in a rotated position. They operate by twisting about their axis when torque is applied, generating a restoring force proportional to the rotation angle. These springs are critical in modern mechanical systems for precise motion control, vibration damping, and maintaining structural stability across industries.

2. Main Types and Functional Classification

Type	Functional Characteristics	Application Examples
Single Torque Torsion Spring	Simple helical design with one direction of torque output	Door hinges, clipboards, automotive latch mechanisms
Double Torque Torsion Spring	Bifilar winding for balanced torque in two directions	Counterbalance systems, robotic joints
Multi-Flex Torsion Spring	Segmented coils for variable torque curves	Industrial valves, precision instruments
Linear Torsion Spring	Constant torque output through entire rotation	Cable reels, rotational actuators
Tapered Torsion Spring	Variable pitch coils for progressive torque response	Aerospace control surfaces, clutch mechanisms

3. Structure and Composition

Typical torsion springs feature helically wound wire with straight or shaped ends (legs) that transmit torque. Key components include:

Coiled body: Provides elastic deformation through torsional stress
Arms/legs: Transfer torque to mating components (straight, angular, or hooked configurations)
Material: High-carbon steel, stainless steel, phosphor bronze, or titanium alloys
Surface treatment: Zinc plating, powder coating, or nitriding for corrosion resistance

Design variations include cylindrical, conical, and barrel-shaped geometries to optimize space utilization.

4. Key Technical Parameters

Parameter	Description	Importance
Spring Rate (Nm/deg)	Torque per degree of angular deflection	Determines stiffness and response characteristics
Max Torque Capacity	Ultimate torsional load before plastic deformation	Defines operational safety limits
Number of Coils	Impacts spring index and stress distribution	Affects fatigue life and space requirements
Leg Orientation	Angle and offset between spring arms	Critical for proper torque transmission
Material Shear Modulus	Dictates elastic properties under torsion	Key factor in torque-rotation relationship
Operating Temperature Range	Thermal limits affecting dimensional stability	Determines environmental compatibility

5. Application Fields

Major industries utilizing torsion springs include:

Automotive: Windshield wiper mechanisms, door check systems, transmission shifters
Industrial Equipment: Conveyors, packaging machines, robotic arms
Aerospace: Flight control actuators, landing gear mechanisms
Consumer Electronics: Laptop hinges, camera lens barrels, medical device triggers
Energy Systems: Circuit breaker mechanisms, renewable energy dampers

Example: Automotive seat recline systems use dual torsion springs to maintain position while allowing smooth adjustment.

6. Leading Manufacturers and Products

Manufacturer	Key Products	Specialization
MISUMI	VFS2- Series Precision Torsion Springs	High-volume industrial applications
Lee Spring	CT Series Custom Torsion Springs	Miniature and medical-grade springs
Barnes Group Inc.	Associated Spring RAFI Line	Aerospace and defense solutions
Smalley Steel Ring	Wave Spring-Actuated Torsion Devices	Space-saving wave spring technology
Crosby	Swager Torsion Springs	Heavy-duty industrial applications

7. Selection Guidelines

Key considerations for torsion spring selection:

Calculate required torque using: M = k (M=torque, k=spring rate, =angular displacement)
Verify maximum stress levels against material endurance limits
Account for installation space constraints (diameter, length, leg clearance)
Specify corrosion resistance requirements based on environmental exposure
Consider dynamic loading conditions and fatigue life expectations
Validate rotational direction compatibility with handedness of coil winding

Recommend consulting manufacturer's load-deflection charts during specification.

8. Industry Trends

Current development trends include:

Advanced materials: Carbon fiber composites and shape-memory alloys
Miniaturization for micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS)
Smart integration with embedded strain sensors
Topology optimization via generative design algorithms
Environmentally friendly surface treatments replacing hexavalent chromium

Market growth driven by electric vehicle component demands and industrial automation expansion.