Vacuum Tubes

Part Number	Description / PDF	Quantity
NOS-6094 TubeDepot	BENDIX 6094	0
317STANDARD_TUBE_SET TubeDepot	HUGH&KET SWTHBLD 50 W	0
210STANDARD_TUBE_SET TubeDepot	VAC. TUBE SET ENGL FIREBALL E635	0
GL-B749 TubeDepot	GLD LN ECC82/12AU7 PREAMP TB	29
3STANDARD_TUBE_SET TubeDepot	VACUUM TUBE SET FOR HAMMOND C3	0
GROUPING_PAIR_GL-ECC83 TubeDepot	GENALEX GLD LN 12AX7 PREAMP TUBE	0
331STANDARD_TUBE_SET TubeDepot	VACUUM TUBE SET JET CITY JCA22H	30
555-0114-302 TubeDepot	GROOVE TUBES GT5Y3 RECTIFIER	0
443STANDARD_TUBE_SET TubeDepot	VAC TUBE SET MATCHLESS NIGHTHAWK	0
NOS-6V6GT TubeDepot	6V6GT / GTA	101
GROUPING_QUAD_MU-EL34 TubeDepot	VAC. TUBE QUAD MULLARD EL34 PWR	0
GROUPING_PAIR_MU-12AU7 TubeDepot	TUBE PAIR ECC82 PREAMP	25
MU-KT88 TubeDepot	KT88 NEW PRODUCTION PWR TUBE	38
NOS-235 TubeDepot	REMOTE CUTOFF TETRODE GLOBE SHPE	0
NOS-6V4 TubeDepot	6V4 / EZ80	54
NOS-7320-MAZDA TubeDepot	MAZDACIFTE FIVE STAR 7320 / E84L	0
194STANDARD_TUBE_SET TubeDepot	VACUUM TUBE SET FOR DR Z REMEDY	5
NOS-5881-TS-U TubeDepot	5881 TUNGSOL USED	6
49STANDARD_TUBE_SET TubeDepot	VAC TUBESET TUBEDEPOT TUBECUBE 7	30
250STANDARD_TUBE_SET TubeDepot	VAC TUBESET FENDER BLUES DEVILLE	0

Vacuum Tubes

1. Overview

Vacuum tubes (electron tubes) are sealed glass/ceramic devices containing electrodes in a vacuum environment to control electron flow. While largely replaced by solid-state electronics, they remain critical in high-fidelity audio equipment, high-power RF transmitters, and niche applications requiring unique tonal characteristics. Their importance lies in superior sound quality perception in audio amplification and robust high-voltage handling capabilities.

2. Major Types and Functional Classification

Type	Functional Characteristics	Applications
Triode	Three-electrode structure with high linearity and low distortion	Pre-amplifiers, guitar amplifiers (e.g., 12AX7)
Pentode	Five-electrode design with added screen/grid for higher gain	Power amplifiers, broadcast transmitters (e.g., EL34)
Beam Tetrode	Focuses electron beam to reduce space charge	High-efficiency power amplifiers (e.g., 6L6GC)
Cold Cathode Diode	Non-heated cathode for rectification	Voltage regulation, early radio circuits
Gas-Filled Tubes	Gas ionization for voltage stabilization	Thyratrons in high-power switching

3. Structure and Components

Typical vacuum tube construction includes:

Envelope: Borosilicate glass/metal-ceramic housing
Electrodes: Cathode (electron emitter), Control Grid (current modulator), Screen Grid (pentoide), Plate/Anode (electron collector)
Filament: Tungsten/rhenium heater for thermionic emission
Getter: Barium coating to maintain vacuum integrity
Bases: Octal/Noval pin configurations for electrical connection

4. Key Technical Specifications

Parameter	Description	Importance
Max Plate Voltage	Up to 1500V for power tubes	Determines breakdown resistance
Transconductance (Gm)	5-20 mA/V range	Impacts gain and dynamic response
Amplification Factor ( )	10-100	Defines voltage gain potential
Noise Figure	0.5-3 dB	Audio signal purity
MTBF	2000-10,000 hours	Reliability prediction

5. Application Fields

Major application areas include:

High-end audio: Pre-amps (e.g., Manley Reference), Guitar amps (Fender Twin Reverb)
Medical imaging: X-ray generators (Siemens Megalop)
Broadcast: AM/FM transmitters (Continental Electronics 816C)
Industrial: RF heating (Inductotherm units)

6. Leading Manufacturers and Products

Manufacturer	Headquarters	Representative Product
Euro Audio Team	Slovenia	45 Single-Ended Triode
Mullard	UK	EL34B-M matched quad
Svetlana	Russia	6N3S-W tube
Tung-Sol	USA	5881WXT power tube
JJ Electronic	Slovakia	EL84M-STR matched pair

7. Selection Recommendations

Key considerations:

Application Type: Audio vs. RF vs. industrial
Operating Voltage/Current: Match with power supply capabilities
Microphonics: Critical for pre-amp stages
Bias Requirements: Fixed vs. cathode bias configurations
Availability: NOS (New Old Stock) vs. current production

8. Industry Trends Analysis

Current trends show:

Audio Renaissance: 12% CAGR in high-end tube amplifier market (2023-2028)
Miniaturization: Development of subminiature tubes for portable devices
Hybrid Designs: Integration with solid-state components in modern equipment
Material Innovation: Carbon nanotube field emission research
Environmental Compliance: RoHS exemptions for audio tubes maintained until 2029